1. Material Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, generally low-carbon or stainless-steel, offers mechanical toughness with tensile toughness surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper finishing– normally 2– 10% of the complete size– conveys superb electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to ensure solid adhesion and minimal interdiffusion under operational anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most usual method, providing exact density control and uniform coverage on constant steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes sure ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination throughout succeeding handling or service.
Gradually and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can develop brittle iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which might compromise adaptability and lasting integrity– a challenge mitigated by diffusion obstacles or rapid handling.
1.2 Physical and Functional Feature
CCSFs incorporate the most effective features of both constituent steels: the high elastic modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity typically ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending on finish thickness and pureness, making CCSF significantly extra conductive than pure steel fibers (
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