formulation is equivalent to the traditional wall-function approach, and the low-
formulation is equivalent to the traditional low-Reynolds number approach where no modeling beyond the assumption of laminar flow is necessary in the wall cells.
The following equations present the wall-treatment formulations. In general, the high- formulation is equivalent to the traditional wall-function approach, and the low- formulation is equivalent to the traditional low-Reynolds number approach where no modeling beyond the assumption of laminar flow is necessary in the wall cells.
For the all-
formulation, a blending function 
is defined in terms of the wall-distance Reynolds number:
| (260) |
and 
, a wall-distance-based Reynolds number.
| (261) |
The reference velocity 
is not needed in the calculation for low-
simulations (using a low-Reynolds number model). However, it is still needed when computing the wall 
for post-processing. Since the assumption is that 
will give an inaccurate result for coarse meshes, the hybrid approach is used for the low-
wall treatment as well.
| (262) |
| (263) |