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Implement direct torque and flux control (DTC) induction motor drive model
Electric Drives/AC drives
The high-level schematic shown below is built from six main blocks. The induction motor, the three-phase inverter, and the three-phase diode rectifier models are provided with the SimPowerSystems library. More details on these three blocks are available in the reference sections of each block. The speed controller, the braking chopper, and the DTC controller models are specific to the drive library.
Note In SimPowerSystems, the DTC Induction Motor Drive block is commonly called the AC4 motor drive. |
The speed controller is based on a PI regulator, shown below. The output of this regulator is a torque set point applied to the DTC controller block.
The Direct Torque and Flux Control (DTC) controller contains five main blocks, shown below. These blocks are described below.
The Torque & Flux calculator block is used to estimate the motor flux αβ components and the electromagnetic torque. This calculator is based on motor equation synthesis.
The αβ vector block is used to find the sector of the αβ plane in which the flux vector lies. The αβ plane is divided into six different sectors spaced by 60 degrees.
The Flux & Torque Hysteresis blocks contain a two-level hysteresis comparator for flux control and a three-level hysteresis comparator for the torque control. The description of the hysteresis comparators is available below.
The Switching table block contains two lookup tables that select a specific voltage vector in accordance with the output of the Flux & Torque Hysteresis comparators. This block also produces the initial flux in the machine.
The Switching control block is used to limit the inverter commutation frequency to a maximum value specified by the user.
The braking chopper block contains the DC bus capacitor and the dynamic braking chopper, which is used to absorb the energy produced by a motor deceleration.
The model is discrete. Good simulation results have been obtained with
a 2
time step. In order
to simulate a digital controller device, the control system has two different
sampling times:
The speed controller sampling time
The D.T.C. controller sampling time
The speed controller sampling time has to be a multiple of the D.T.C. sampling time. The latter sampling time has to be a multiple of the simulation time step.
The asynchronous machine tab displays the parameters of the asynchronous machine block of the powerlib library. Refer to the Asynchronous Machine for more information on the Asynchronous Machine tab parameters.
Allows you to select either the load torque or the motor speed as mechanical input. Note that if you select and apply a load torque, you will obtain as output the motor speed according to the following differential equation that describes the mechanical system dynamics:
This mechanical system is included in the motor model.
However, if you select the motor speed as mechanical input then you will get the electromagnetic torque as output, allowing you to represent externally the mechanical system dynamics. Note that the internal mechanical system is not used with this mechanical input selection and the inertia and viscous friction parameters are not displayed.
See for example Mechanical Coupling of Two Motor Drives.
The rectifier section of the Converters and DC Bus tab displays the parameters of the rectifier block of the powerlib library. Refer to the Universal Bridge for more information on the rectifier parameters.
The inverter section of the Converters and DC Bus tab displays the parameters of the Inverter block of the powerlib library. Refer to the Universal Bridge for more information on the inverter parameters.
The DC bus capacitance (F).
The braking chopper resistance used to avoid bus over-voltage during motor deceleration or when the load torque tends to accelerate the motor (Ω).
The braking chopper frequency (Hz).
The dynamic braking is activated when the bus voltage reaches the upper limit of the hysteresis band. The following figure illustrates the braking chopper hysteresis logic.
The dynamic braking is shut down when the bus voltage reaches the lower limit of the hysteresis band. The Chopper hysteresis logic is shown below:
This parameter allows you to choose between speed and torque regulation.
When you press this button, a diagram illustrating the speed and current controllers schematics appears.
The maximum change of speed allowed during motor acceleration. An excessively large positive value can cause DC bus under-voltage (rpm/s).
The maximum change of speed allowed during motor deceleration. An excessively large negative value can cause DC bus over-voltage (rpm/s).
The speed measurement first-order low-pass filter cutoff frequency (Hz).
The speed controller sampling time (s). The sampling time must be a multiple of the simulation time step.
The speed controller proportional gain.
The speed controller integral gain.
The maximum negative demanded torque applied to the motor by the DTC controller (N.m).
The maximum positive demanded torque applied to the motor by the DTC controller (N.m).
The maximum inverter switching frequency (Hz).
The desired initial stator flux established before the DTC drive module begins to produce an electromagnetic torque. This flux is produced by applying a constant voltage vector at the motor terminals (Wb).
The DTC controller sampling time (s). The sampling time must be a multiple of the simulation time step.
The torque hysteresis bandwidth. This value is the total bandwidth distributed symmetrically around the torque set point (N.m). The following figure illustrates a case where the torque set point is Te*and the torque hysteresis bandwidth is set to dTe.
The stator flux hysteresis bandwidth. This value is the total bandwidth distributed symmetrically around the flux set point (Wb). The following figure illustrates a case where the flux set point is ψ* and the torque hysteresis bandwidth is set to dψ.
Note This bandwidth can be exceeded because a fixed-step simulation is used. A rate transition block is needed to transfer data between different sampling rates. This block causes a delay in the gate signals, so the current may exceed the hysteresis band. |
The speed or torque set point. Note that the speed set point can be a step function, but the speed change rate will follow the acceleration / deceleration ramps. If the load torque and the speed have opposite signs, the accelerating torque will be the sum of the electromagnetic and load torques.
The mechanical input: load torque (Tm) or motor speed (Wm).
The three phase terminals of the motor drive.
The mechanical output: motor speed (Wm) or electromagnetic torque (Te).
The motor measurement vector. This vector allows you to observe the motor's variables using the Bus Selector block.
The three-phase converters measurement vector. This vector contains:
The DC bus voltage
The rectifier output current
The inverter input current
Note that all current and voltage values of the bridges can be visualized with the Multimeter block.
The controller measurement vector. This vector contains:
The torque reference
The speed error (difference between the speed reference ramp and actual speed)
The speed reference ramp or torque reference
The library contains a 3 hp and a 200 hp drive parameter set. The specifications of these two drives are shown in the following table.
Drive Specifications
3 HP Drive | 200 HP Drive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Drive Input Voltage | |||
Amplitude | 220 V | 460 V | |
Frequency | 60 Hz | 60 Hz | |
Motor Nominal Values | |||
Power | 3 hp | 200 hp | |
Speed | 1705 rpm | 1785 rpm | |
Voltage | 220 V | 460 V | |
The ac4_example demo illustrates the simulation of an AC4 motor drive with standard load condition.
At time t = 0 s, the speed set point is 500 rpm. As shown in the following figure, the speed precisely follows the acceleration ramp. At t = 0.5 s, the nominal load torque is applied to the motor. At t = 1 s, the speed set point is changed to 0 rpm. The speed decreases to 0 rpm. At t = 1.5 s., the mechanical load passes from 792 N.m to -792 N.m.
[1] Bose, B. K., Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice-Hall, N.J., 2002.
[2] Grelet, G., and G. Clerc, Actionneurs électriques, Éditions Eyrolles, Paris, 1997.
[3] Krause, P. C.,Analysis of Electric Machinery, McGraw-Hill, 1986.
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