Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide

Table of Contents

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1. Overview of Magnetic Field Analysis

1.1. How ANSYS Handles Magnetic Analysis

1.2. Types of Static, Harmonic, and Transient Magnetic Analysis

1.3. Comparing Magnetic Formulations

1.3.1. 2-D Versus 3-D Magnetic Analysis
1.3.2. What Is the Magnetic Scalar Potential Formulation?
1.3.3. What Is the Magnetic Vector Potential Formulation?
1.3.4. What Is the Edge Formulation?
1.3.5. Comparing Formulations
1.3.6. Static Analysis

1.4. Summary of Electromagnetic Elements

1.5. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax

2. 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis

2.1. Elements Used in 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis

2.2. Steps in a Static Magnetic Analysis

2.2.1. Creating the Physics Environment
2.2.2. Building and Meshing the Model and Assigning Region Attributes
2.2.3. Applying Boundary Conditions and Loads
2.2.4. Excitation Loads
2.2.5. Flags
2.2.6. Other Loads
2.2.7. Solving the Analysis
2.2.8. Defining the Analysis Type
2.2.9. Defining Analysis Options
2.2.10. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database
2.2.11. Starting the Solution
2.2.12. Tracking Convergence Graphically
2.2.13. Finishing the Solution
2.2.14. Calculating the Inductance Matrix and Flux Linkage
2.2.15. Reviewing Results
2.2.16. Reading in Results Data

2.3. Doing an Example 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis (GUI Method)

2.3.1. The Example Described
2.3.2. Analysis Parameters
2.3.3. Approach and Assumptions

2.4. Doing an Example 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis (Command Method)

2.5. Doing an Example 2-D Static Magnetic Contact Analysis (Command Method)

2.5.1. The Problem Described
2.5.2. Input Listing

2.6. Where to Find Other Examples

3. 2-D Harmonic (AC) Analysis

3.1. Linear Versus Nonlinear Harmonic Analysis

3.2. Elements Used in Harmonic Magnetic Analysis

3.3. Creating a Harmonic 2-D Physics Environment

3.3.1. Using DOFs to Manage Terminal Conditions on Conductors
3.3.2. The AZ Option
3.3.3. The AZ-VOLT Option
3.3.4. The AZ-CURR Option
3.3.5. Characteristics and Settings for Physical Regions of a Model
3.3.6. Velocity Effects

3.4. Building and Meshing the Model and Assigning Region Attributes

3.4.1. Skin Depth Considerations

3.5. Applying Boundary Conditions Loads (Excitation) to Harmonic Problems

3.5.1. Using the PERBC2D Macro
3.5.2. Amplitude, Phase Angle, and Operating Frequency
3.5.3. Applying Source Current Density to Stranded Conductors
3.5.4. Applying Current to Massive Conductors
3.5.5. Applying Voltage Load Across a Stranded Coil
3.5.6. Flags
3.5.7. Other Loads

3.6. Obtain a Solution

3.6.1. Defining the Harmonic Analysis Type
3.6.2. Defining Analysis Options
3.6.3. Selecting the Equation Solver
3.6.4. Setting the Analysis Frequency
3.6.5. Setting General Options
3.6.6. Setting Output Controls
3.6.7. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database
3.6.8. Starting the Solution
3.6.9. HMAGSOLV Command Macro
3.6.10. Tracking Convergence Graphically
3.6.11. Finishing the Solution

3.7. Reviewing Results

3.7.1. Commands or GUI Paths to Help You in Postprocessing
3.7.2. Reading in Results Data

3.8. Doing an Example Harmonic Magnetic Analysis (GUI Method)

3.8.1. The Example Described

3.9. Doing an Example Harmonic Magnetic Analysis (Command Method)

3.10. Doing an Example of a 2-D Nonlinear Harmonic Analysis (Command Method)

3.10.1. The Example Described
3.10.2. The Example Analysis Command Input Stream

3.11. Where to Find Other Examples

4. 2-D Transient Magnetic Analysis

4.1. Elements Used in Transient Magnetic Analysis

4.2. Creating a 2-D Transient Magnetic Physics Environment

4.3. Building a Model, Assigning Region Attributes and Meshing the Model

4.4. Applying Boundary Conditions and Loads (Excitation)

4.4.1. Applying Boundary Conditions
4.4.2. Applying Excitation (Voltage Load)
4.4.3. Applying Current
4.4.4. Other Loads

4.5. Obtaining a Solution

4.5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor
4.5.2. Defining the Analysis Type
4.5.3. Defining Analysis Options
4.5.4. Load Step Options
4.5.5. Nonlinear Options
4.5.6. Output Controls
4.5.7. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database
4.5.8. Starting the Solution
4.5.9. Finishing the Solution

4.6. Reviewing Results

4.6.1. Reading Results in POST26
4.6.2. Reading Results in POST1

4.7. Doing an Example Transient Magnetic Analysis (GUI Method)

4.7.1. The Example Described
4.7.2. Analysis Parameters
4.7.3. Approach and Assumptions

4.8. Doing an Example Transient Analysis (Command Method)

4.9. Where to Find Other Examples

5. 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (Scalar Method)

5.1. Elements Used in 3-D Static Scalar Magnetic Analysis

5.2. Scalar Potential Formulation

5.2.1. Singly Versus Multiply Connected Domains

5.3. Steps in a 3-D Static Scalar Analysis

5.3.1. Creating the Physics Environment
5.3.2. Setting GUI Preferences
5.3.3. Specifying Material Properties
5.3.4. Additional Guidelines for Defining Regional Material Properties and Real Constants
5.3.5. Building the Model
5.3.6. Building a 3-D Racetrack Coil
5.3.7. Applying Boundary Conditions and Loads (Excitation)
5.3.8. Boundary Conditions
5.3.9. Excitation
5.3.10. Flags
5.3.11. Other Loads
5.3.12. Obtaining a Solution
5.3.13. Solving the Analysis (RSP Method)
5.3.14. Solving the Analysis (DSP Method)
5.3.15. Solving the Analysis (GSP Method)
5.3.16. Calculating the Inductance Matrix and Flux Linkage
5.3.17. Reviewing Analysis Results (RSP, DSP, or GSP Method Analysis)

5.4. Example of a 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (GUI Method)

5.4.1. The Example Described
5.4.2. The Analysis (GUI Method)

5.5. Example of a 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (Command Method)

5.6. Where to Find Other Examples of 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis

6. 3-D Magnetostatics and Fundamentals of Edge-Based Analysis

6.1. How to Use Edge-Based Analysis

6.1.1. Elements Used in Edge-Based Analysis
6.1.2. Using the Different Formulations
6.1.3. Characteristics and Settings for Physical Regions of a Model

6.2. Using Adaptive Meshing for Edge-Based Analyses

6.2.1. Prerequisites for Adaptive Meshing
6.2.2. Employing Adaptive Meshing in an Edge-Based Analysis

6.3. Performing a Static Edge-Based Analysis

6.4. Reviewing Results

6.4.1. Reading in Results Data

6.5. Example of a 3-D Static Edge-Based Analysis (GUI Method)

6.5.1. The Analysis Described
6.5.2. Analysis Parameters
6.5.3. Target Data
6.5.4. Procedures to Follow

6.6. Example of a 3-D Static Edge-Based Analysis (Command Method)

6.7. Example of a 3-D Static Edge-Based Analysis Using SOURC36 Current Loads (Command Method)

6.7.1. The Analysis Described
6.7.2. Analysis Parameters
6.7.3. Target Data
6.7.4. The Analysis Input

6.8. Example of a 3-D Static Edge-Based Analysis Showing Force and Torque Calculations (Command Method)

6.8.1. The Analysis Described
6.8.2. Analysis Parameters
6.8.3. The Analysis Input

6.9. Example of a Soleniod Analysis with a Current Load (Filament)

6.9.1. The Analysis Described
6.9.2. Analysis Parameters
6.9.3. Target Data
6.9.4. The Analysis Input

6.10. Example Analysis of a Brooks Coil Inductance

6.10.1. The Analysis Described
6.10.2. Analysis Parameters
6.10.3. Target Data
6.10.4. Analysis Input

7. 3-D Harmonic Magnetic Analysis (Edge-Based)

7.1. Characteristics and Settings for Physical Regions of a Model

7.2. Velocity Effects

7.3. Performing a Harmonic Edge-Based Analysis

7.4. Reviewing Results

7.4.1. Commands to Help You in Postprocessing
7.4.2. Reading in Results Data

7.5. Example of a 3-D Harmonic Edge-Based Analysis (Command Method)

7.5.1. The Analysis Described
7.5.2. Analysis Parameters
7.5.3. Target Data

8. 3-D Transient Magnetic Analysis (Edge-Based)

8.1. Performing a Transient Edge-Based Analysis

8.1.1. Time Option
8.1.2. Number of Substeps or Time Step Size
8.1.3. Automatic Time Stepping
8.1.4. Newton-Raphson Options
8.1.5. Number of Equilibrium Iterations
8.1.6. Convergence Tolerances
8.1.7. Terminate an Unconverged Solution
8.1.8. Control Printed Output
8.1.9. Control Database and Results File Output
8.1.10. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database
8.1.11. Starting the Solution

8.2. Reviewing Results

8.2.1. Reading Results in POST26
8.2.2. Reading Results in POST1

9. 3-D Nodal-Based Analyses (Static, Harmonic, and Transient)

9.1. Elements Used in a 3-D Static Magnetic MVP Analysis

9.1.1. Specifying Real Constants
9.1.2. Incorporating Velocity Effects

9.2. Defining Analysis Settings

9.2.1. Defining the Analysis Type
9.2.2. Defining Which Solver to Use

9.3. Performing a 3-D Static Magnetic MVP Analysis

9.3.1. Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution
9.3.2. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database
9.3.3. Starting the Solution
9.3.4. Finishing the Solution
9.3.5. Calculating the Inductance Matrix and Flux Linkage

9.4. Reviewing Results

9.4.1. Reading in Results Data

9.5. Performing a 3-D Nodal-Based Harmonic Analysis

9.5.1. Creating a Harmonic 3-D Physics Environment

9.6. Applying Loads to and Solving 3-D Nodal-Based Harmonic Analyses

9.7. Reviewing Results from a 3-D Harmonic (Nodal-Based) Analysis

9.8. Performing a 3-D Transient (Nodal-Based) Analysis

9.8.1. Create the 3-D Transient Physics Environment
9.8.2. Apply Loads and Solve the Transient Analysis

9.9. Reviewing Results from a 3-D Transient (Nodal-Based) Analysis

9.10. Combining the Scalar and Vector Potential Methods

9.10.1. Building a Model with Combined Regions
9.10.2. Apply Loads and Solving the Combined Model
9.10.3. Reviewing Results

10. Electric and Magnetic Macros

10.1. Using Electric and Magnetic Macros

10.1.1. Modeling Aids
10.1.2. Solution Aids
10.1.3. Postprocessing Calculations

11. Far-Field Elements

11.1. Tips for Using Far-Field Elements

11.2. Sample Analysis

11.2.1. Problem Description
11.2.2. Results
11.2.3. Command Listing

12. Electric Field Analysis

12.1. Elements Used in Electric Field Analysis

12.2. Element Compatibility

12.3. Current Densities

12.4. Steady-State Current Conduction Analysis

12.4.1. Building the Model
12.4.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution
12.4.3. Reviewing Results
12.4.4. Extracting Conductance from Multi-Conductor Systems

12.5. Harmonic Quasistatic Electric Analysis

12.5.1. Building the Model
12.5.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution
12.5.3. Reviewing Results

12.6. Transient Quasistatic Electric Analysis

12.6.1. Building the Model
12.6.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution
12.6.3. Reviewing Results

12.7. Sample Steady-State Conduction Current Analysis

12.7.1. Problem Description
12.7.2. Results
12.7.3. Command Listing

12.8. Sample Conductance Calculation

12.8.1. Problem Description
12.8.2. Command Listing

12.9. Sample Harmonic Quasistatic Electric Analysis

12.9.1. Problem Description
12.9.2. Results
12.9.3. Command Listing

12.10. Sample Transient Quasistatic Electric Analysis

12.10.1. Problem Description
12.10.2. Results
12.10.3. Command Listing

12.11. Where to Find Current Conduction Analysis Examples

13. Electrostatic Field Analysis (h-Method)

13.1. Elements Used in h-Method Electrostatic Analysis

13.2. Steps in an h-Method Electrostatic Analysis

13.2.1. Building the Model
13.2.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution
13.2.3. Reviewing Results

13.3. Extracting Capacitance from Multi-conductor Systems

13.3.1. Ground Capacitances and Lumped Capacitances
13.3.2. Procedure

13.4. Trefftz Method for Open Boundary Representation

13.4.1. Overview
13.4.2. Procedure

13.5. Doing an Example h-Method Electrostatic Analysis (GUI Method)

13.5.1. The Example Described
13.5.2. Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes
13.5.3. Expected Analysis Results

13.6. Doing an Electrostatic Analysis (Command Method)

13.7. Doing an Example Capacitance Calculation (Command Method)

13.7.1. The Example Described
13.7.2. Modeling Notes
13.7.3. Computed Results
13.7.4. Command Listing

13.8. Doing an Electrostatic Analysis Using Trefftz Method (Command Method)

13.8.1. The Example Described
13.8.2. Modeling Notes
13.8.3. Expected Results
13.8.4. Command Listing

13.9. Doing an Electrostatic Analysis Using Trefftz Method (GUI Method)

14. p-Method Electrostatic Analysis

14.1. Benefits of Using the p-Method

14.2. Using the p-Method

14.2.1. Select the p-Method Procedure
14.2.2. Build the Model
14.2.3. Additional Information for Building Your Model
14.2.4. Apply Boundary Conditions
14.2.5. Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
14.2.6. Helpful Hints for Common Problems
14.2.7. Review the Results

14.3. Doing an Example p-Electrostatic Analysis (Command Method)

14.3.1. The Example Described
14.3.2. Modeling Notes and Results
14.3.3. Command Listing

15. Electric Circuit Analysis

15.1. Using the CIRCU124 Element

15.1.1. Circuit Components Available in CIRCU124
15.1.2. Load Types for CIRCU124
15.1.3. Coupling the FEA Domain to the Circuit Domain

15.2. Using the CIRCU125 Element

15.3. Using the Circuit Builder

15.3.1. Building a Circuit

15.4. Avoiding Inconsistent Circuits

15.4.1. DC and Harmonic Analyses
15.4.2. Transient Analyses
15.4.3. Inductors and Current Generators Should Not Form a Cut

15.5. Static (DC) Electric Circuit Analysis

15.5.1. Building a Circuit for Static Analysis
15.5.2. Applying Loads and Solving the Static Analysis
15.5.3. Reviewing Results from a Static Circuit Analysis

15.6. Harmonic (AC) Electric Circuit Analysis

15.6.1. Building a Circuit for Harmonic Analysis
15.6.2. Applying Loads and Solving the Analysis
15.6.3. Reviewing Results from a Harmonic Circuit Analysis

15.7. Transient Electric Circuit Analysis

15.7.1. Building a Circuit for Transient Analysis
15.7.2. Applying Loads and Solving the Static Analysis
15.7.3. Reviewing Results from a Transient Circuit Analysis

15.8. Doing an Example Harmonic Circuit Analysis (Command Method)

15.9. A Sample Diode Circuit (Command Method)

15.10. Where to Find Other Examples

16. Alternative Analysis Options and Solution Methods

16.1. Loading Options for 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis

16.1.1. On Keypoints
16.1.2. On Lines
16.1.3. On Areas
16.1.4. On Volumes
16.1.5. On Nodes
16.1.6. On Elements

16.2. Using the Alternative Solution Option for 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis

16.2.1. Specify Load Step Options for the Initial Solution
16.2.2. Write Load Data or Start the Solution
16.2.3. Specify Load Step Options for the Final Solution
16.2.4. Write Load Data or Start the Solution
16.2.5. Initiate the Solution

16.3. Loading Options for 2-D or 3-D Harmonic Magnetic Analysis (MVP Method)

16.4. Load Step Options for 2-D or 3-D Harmonic Magnetic Analysis (MVP Method)

16.4.1. Dynamic Options
16.4.2. General Options
16.4.3. Output Controls

16.5. Loading Options for 2-D or 3-D Transient Magnetic Analysis (MVP Method)

16.6. Load Step Options for Nodal-Based Transient Magnetic Analysis (MVP Method)

16.6.1. Dynamic Options

16.7. Loading Options for 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (Scalar Method)

16.8. Using the RSP Method for 3-D Static Scalar Magnetic Analysis

16.8.1. Specify Load Step Options
16.8.2. Start the Solution

16.9. Using the DSP Method for 3-D Static Scalar Magnetic Analysis

16.10. Using the GSP Method for 3-D Static Scalar Magnetic Analysis

16.11. Loading Options for 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (MVP Method)

16.12. The Alternative Solution Option for 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (MVP Method)

16.12.1. Specify Load Step Options for the Initial Solution
16.12.2. Write Load Data or Start the Solution
16.12.3. Specify Load Step Options for the Final Solution
16.12.4. Write Load Data or Solve the Second Load Step
16.12.5. Initiate the Solution

16.13. Loading Options for an Electric Field (Current Conduction) Analysis

16.14. Load Step Options for an Electric Field (Current Conduction) Analysis

16.15. Loading Options for an Electrostatic Field Analysis

16.16. Load Step Options for Electrostatic Field Analysis