| (140) |
The Smagorinsky subgrid scale model [15] provides the following mixing-length type formula for the subgrid scale viscosity:
|
| (140) |
where 
is the module of the strain rate (defined in Eqn. 141, 
is the density and 
is the length scale or filter width.
The length scale is directly related to the cell volume 
and the wall distance 
as follows:
| (141) |
where 
is the von Karman constant (default value 0.41).
The coefficient 
has a default value of 0.1.