Constitutive Equations for Bushings
The following constitutive equations define how Adams/View uses the data for a linear bushing to apply a force and a torque to the action body depending on the displacement and velocity of the I marker on the action body relative to the J marker on the reaction body.
 
Note:  
A bushing has the same constitutive relation form as a field element. The primary difference between the two forces is that nondiagonal coefficients (Kij and Cij, where i is not equal to j) are zero for a bushing. You only define the diagonal coefficients (Kii and Cii) when creating a bushing. For more on field elements, see Field Element Tool.
where:
• Fx, Fy, and Fz are measure numbers of the translational force components in the coordinate system of the J marker.
• x, y, and z are measure numbers of the bushing deformation vector in the coordinate system of the J marker.
• Vx, Vy, and Vz are time derivatives of x, y, and z, respectively.
• F1, F2, and F3 are measure numbers of any constant preload force components in the coordinate system of the J marker.
• Tx, Ty, and Tz are rotational force components in the coordinate system of the J marker.
• a, b, and c are projected, small-angle rotational displacements of the I marker with respect to the J marker.
• wx, wy, and wz are the measure numbers of the angular velocity of the I marker as seen by the J marker, expressed in the J marker coordinate system.
• T1, T2, and T3 are measure numbers of any constant preload torque components in the coordinate system of the J marker.
The bushing element applies an equilibrating force and torque to the J marker in the following way:
where:
• is the instantaneous deformation vector from the J marker to the I marker. While the force at the J marker is equal and opposite to the force at the I marker, the torque at the J marker is usually not equal to the torque at the I marker because of the moment arm due to the deformation of the bushing element.
For the rotational constitutive equations to be accurate, at least two of the rotations (a, b, c) must be small. That is, two of the three values must remain smaller than 10 degrees. In addition, if a becomes greater than 90 degrees, b becomes erratic. If b becomes greater than 90 degrees, a becomes erratic. Only c can become greater than 90 degrees without causing convergence problems. For these reasons, it is best to define your bushing such that angles a and b remain small (not a and c and not b and c).
 
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